Preface xxiii Chapter 1 Getting Started 1.1 Writing a Simple C++Program 1.1.1 Compiling and Executing Our Program 1.2 AFirstLookat Input/Output 1.3 AWordaboutComments 1.4 FlowofControl 1.4.1 The whileStatement 1.4.2 The forStatement 1.4.3 ReadinganUnknownNumberof Inputs 1.4.4 The ifStatement 1.5 IntroducingClasses 1.5.1 The Sales_itemClass 1.5.2 AFirstLookatMemberFunctions 1.6 TheBookstoreProgram ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Part I The Basics Chapter 2 Variables and Basic Types 2.1 PrimitiveBuilt-inTypes 2.1.1 ArithmeticTypes 2.1.2 TypeConversions 2.1.3 Literals 2.2 Variables 2.2.1 VariableDefinitions 2.2.2 VariableDeclarations andDefinitions 2.2.3 Identifiers 2.2.4 Scopeof aName 2.3 CompoundTypes 2.3.1 References 2.3.2 Pointers vii viii Contents 2.3.3 UnderstandingCompoundTypeDeclarations 2.4 constQualifier 2.4.1 References to const 2.4.2 Pointers and const 2.4.3 Top-Level const 2.4.4 constexprandConstantExpressions 2.5 DealingwithTypes 2.5.1 TypeAliases 2.5.2 The autoTypeSpecifier 2.5.3 The decltypeTypeSpecifier 2.6 DefiningOurOwnDataStructures 2.6.1 Defining the Sales_dataType 2.6.2 Using the Sales_dataClass 2.6.3 Writing Our Own Header Files ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 3 Strings， Vectors， and Arrays 3.1 Namespace usingDeclarations 3.2 Library stringType 3.2.1 Defining and Initializing strings 3.2.2 Operations on strings 3.2.3 Dealing with the Characters in a string 3.3 Library vectorType 3.3.1 Defining and Initializing vectors 3.3.2 Adding Elements to a vector 3.3.3 Other vectorOperations 3.4 IntroducingIterators 3.4.1 UsingIterators 3.4.2 IteratorArithmetic 3.5 Arrays 3.5.1 DefiningandInitializingBuilt-inArrays 3.5.2 AccessingtheElementsof anArray 3.5.3 Pointers andArrays 3.5.4 C-StyleCharacterStrings 3.5.5 InterfacingtoOlderCode 3.6 MultidimensionalArrays ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 4 Expressions 4.1 Fundamentals 4.1.1 BasicConcepts 4.1.2 PrecedenceandAssociativity 4.1.3 OrderofEvaluation 4.2 ArithmeticOperators 4.3 Logical andRelationalOperators Contents ix 4.4 AssignmentOperators 4.5 Increment andDecrementOperators 4.6 TheMemberAccessOperators 4.7 TheConditionalOperator 4.8 TheBitwiseOperators 4.9 The sizeofOperator 4.10 CommaOperator 4.11 TypeConversions 4.11.1 TheArithmeticConversions 4.11.2 Other ImplicitConversions 4.11.3 ExplicitConversions 4.12 OperatorPrecedenceTable ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 5 Statements 5.1 Simple Statements 5.2 StatementScope 5.3 Conditional Statements 5.3.1 The ifStatement 5.3.2 The switchStatement 5.4 IterativeStatements 5.4.1 The whileStatement 5.4.2 Traditional forStatement 5.4.3 Range forStatement 5.4.4 The do whileStatement 5.5 JumpStatements 5.5.1 The breakStatement 5.5.2 The continueStatement 5.5.3 The gotoStatement 5.6 tryBlocks andExceptionHandling 5.6.1 A throwExpression 5.6.2 The tryBlock 5.6.3 StandardExceptions ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 6 Functions 6.1 FunctionBasics 6.1.1 LocalObjects 6.1.2 FunctionDeclarations 6.1.3 SeparateCompilation 6.2 ArgumentPassing 6.2.1 PassingArgumentsbyValue 6.2.2 PassingArgumentsbyReference 6.2.3 constParametersandArguments 6.2.4 ArrayParameters x Contents 6.2.5 main：HandlingCommand-LineOptions 6.2.6 FunctionswithVaryingParameters 6.3 Return Types and the returnStatement 6.3.1 FunctionswithNoReturnValue 6.3.2 FunctionsThatReturnaValue 6.3.3 ReturningaPointer toanArray 6.4 OverloadedFunctions 6.4.1 OverloadingandScope 6.5 Features forSpecializedUses 6.5.1 DefaultArguments 6.5.2 Inline and constexprFunctions 6.5.3 Aids for Debugging 6.6 FunctionMatching 6.6.1 ArgumentTypeConversions 6.7 Pointers toFunctions ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 7 Classes 7.1 DefiningAbstractDataTypes 7.1.1 Designing the Sales_dataClass 7.1.2 Defining the Revised Sales_dataClass 7.1.3 DefiningNonmemberClass-RelatedFunctions 7.1.4 Constructors 7.1.5 Copy，Assignment， andDestruction 7.2 AccessControl andEncapsulation 7.2.1 Friends 7.3 AdditionalClassFeatures 7.3.1 ClassMembersRevisited 7.3.2 Functions That Return *this 7.3.3 ClassTypes 7.3.4 FriendshipRevisited 7.4 ClassScope 7.4.1 NameLookupandClassScope 7.5 ConstructorsRevisited 7.5.1 Constructor InitializerList 7.5.2 DelegatingConstructors 7.5.3 TheRoleof theDefaultConstructor 7.5.4 ImplicitClass-TypeConversions 7.5.5 AggregateClasses 7.5.6 LiteralClasses 7.6 staticClassMembers ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Contents xi Part II The C++ Library Chapter 8 The IO Library 8.1 The IOClasses 8.1.1 NoCopyorAssignfor IOObjects 8.1.2 ConditionStates 8.1.3 ManagingtheOutputBuffer 8.2 File Input and Output 8.2.1 Using File Stream Objects 8.2.2 File Modes 8.3 stringStreams 8.3.1 Using an istringstream 8.3.2 Using ostringstreams ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 9 Sequential Containers 9.1 Overviewof the SequentialContainers 9.2 ContainerLibraryOverview 9.2.1 Iterators 9.2.2 ContainerTypeMembers 9.2.3 begin and endMembers 9.2.4 DefiningandInitializingaContainer 9.2.5 Assignment and swap 9.2.6 ContainerSizeOperations 9.2.7 RelationalOperators 9.3 SequentialContainerOperations 9.3.1 AddingElements toaSequentialContainer 9.3.2 AccessingElements 9.3.3 ErasingElements 9.3.4 Specialized forward_listOperations 9.3.5 ResizingaContainer 9.3.6 ContainerOperationsMayInvalidateIterators 9.4 How a vectorGrows 9.5 Additional stringOperations 9.5.1 Other Ways to Construct strings 9.5.2 Other Ways to Change a string 9.5.3 stringSearchOperations 9.5.4 The compareFunctions 9.5.5 NumericConversions 9.6 ContainerAdaptors ChapterSummary DefinedTerms xii Contents Chapter 10 Generic Algorithms 10.1 Overview 10.2 AFirstLookat theAlgorithms 10.2.1 Read-OnlyAlgorithms 10.2.2 AlgorithmsThatWriteContainerElements 10.2.3 AlgorithmsThatReorderContainerElements 10.3 CustomizingOperations 10.3.1 PassingaFunctiontoanAlgorithm 10.3.2 LambdaExpressions 10.3.3 LambdaCapturesandReturns 10.3.4 BindingArguments 10.4 Revisiting Iterators 10.4.1 Insert Iterators 10.4.2 iostream Iterators 10.4.3 Reverse Iterators 10.5 StructureofGenericAlgorithms 10.5.1 TheFive IteratorCategories 10.5.2 AlgorithmParameterPatterns 10.5.3 AlgorithmNamingConventions 10.6 Container-SpecificAlgorithms ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 11 Associative Containers 11.1 UsinganAssociativeContainer 11.2 Overviewof theAssociativeContainers 11.2.1 DefininganAssociativeContainer 11.2.2 Requirements onKeyType 11.2.3 The pairType 11.3 Operations onAssociativeContainers 11.3.1 AssociativeContainer Iterators 11.3.2 AddingElements 11.3.3 ErasingElements 11.3.4 Subscripting a map 11.3.5 AccessingElements 11.3.6 AWordTransformationMap 11.4 TheUnorderedContainers ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 12 DynamicMemory 12.1 DynamicMemoryandSmartPointers 12.1.1 The shared_ptrClass 12.1.2 ManagingMemoryDirectly 12.1.3 Using shared_ptrs with new 12.1.4 SmartPointers andExceptions 12.1.5 unique_ptr Contents xiii 12.1.6 weak_ptr 12.2 DynamicArrays 12.2.1 newandArrays 12.2.2 The allocatorClass 12.3 UsingtheLibrary：AText-QueryProgram 12.3.1 Designof theQueryProgram 12.3.2 DefiningtheQueryProgramClasses ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Part III Tools for Class Authors Chapter 13 Copy Control 13.1 Copy，Assign， andDestroy 13.1.1 TheCopyConstructor 13.1.2 TheCopy-AssignmentOperator 13.1.3 TheDestructor 13.1.4 TheRuleofThree/Five 13.1.5 Using = default 13.1.6 PreventingCopies 13.2 CopyControl andResourceManagement 13.2.1 ClassesThatActLikeValues 13.2.2 DefiningClassesThatActLikePointers 13.3 Swap 13.4 ACopy-ControlExample 13.5 ClassesThatManageDynamicMemory 13.6 MovingObjects 13.6.1 RvalueReferences 13.6.2 MoveConstructor andMoveAssignment 13.6.3 RvalueReferencesandMemberFunctions ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 14 Overloaded Operations and Conversions 14.1 BasicConcepts 14.2 Input andOutputOperators 14.2.1 Overloading the Output Operator << 14.2.2 Overloading the Input Operator >> 14.3 Arithmetic andRelationalOperators 14.3.1 EqualityOperators 14.3.2 RelationalOperators 14.4 AssignmentOperators 14.5 SubscriptOperator 14.6 Increment andDecrementOperators 14.7 MemberAccessOperators 14.8 Function-CallOperator xiv Contents 14.8.1 LambdasAreFunctionObjects 14.8.2 Library-DefinedFunctionObjects 14.8.3 Callable Objects and function 14.9 Overloading，Conversions， andOperators 14.9.1 ConversionOperators 14.9.2 AvoidingAmbiguousConversions 14.9.3 FunctionMatchingandOverloadedOperators ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 15 Object-Oriented Programming 15.1 OOP：AnOverview 15.2 DefiningBaseandDerivedClasses 15.2.1 DefiningaBaseClass 15.2.2 DefiningaDerivedClass 15.2.3 Conversions andInheritance 15.3 VirtualFunctions 15.4 AbstractBaseClasses 15.5 AccessControl andInheritance 15.6 ClassScopeunder Inheritance 15.7 Constructors andCopyControl 15.7.1 VirtualDestructors 15.7.2 SynthesizedCopyControl andInheritance 15.7.3 Derived-ClassCopy-ControlMembers 15.7.4 InheritedConstructors 15.8 Containers andInheritance 15.8.1 Writing a BasketClass 15.9 TextQueriesRevisited 15.9.1 AnObject-OrientedSolution 15.9.2 The Query_base and QueryClasses 15.9.3 TheDerivedClasses 15.9.4 The evalFunctions ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 16 Templates and Generic Programming 16.1 DefiningaTemplate 16.1.1 FunctionTemplates 16.1.2 ClassTemplates 16.1.3 TemplateParameters 16.1.4 MemberTemplates 16.1.5 Controlling Instantiations 16.1.6 Efficiency and Flexibility 16.2 TemplateArgumentDeduction 16.2.1 Conversions andTemplateTypeParameters 16.2.2 Function-TemplateExplicitArguments 16.2.3 Trailing Return Types and Type Transformation Contents xv 16.2.4 FunctionPointers andArgumentDeduction 16.2.5 TemplateArgumentDeductionandReferences 16.2.6 Understanding std：：move 16.2.7 Forwarding 16.3 OverloadingandTemplates 16.4 VariadicTemplates 16.4.1 WritingaVariadicFunctionTemplate 16.4.2 PackExpansion 16.4.3 ForwardingParameterPacks 16.5 Template Specializations ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Part IV Advanced Topics Chapter 17 Specialized Library Facilities 17.1 The tupleType 17.1.1 Defining and Initializing tuples 17.1.2 Using a tuple toReturnMultipleValues 17.2 The bitsetType 17.2.1 Defining and Initializing bitsets 17.2.2 Operations on bitsets 17.3 RegularExpressions 17.3.1 UsingtheRegularExpressionLibrary 17.3.2 TheMatchandRegex IteratorTypes 17.3.3 UsingSubexpressions 17.3.4 Using regex_replace 17.4 RandomNumbers 17.4.1 Random-NumberEngines andDistribution 17.4.2 OtherKinds ofDistributions 17.5 The IOLibraryRevisited 17.5.1 FormattedInput andOutput 17.5.2 UnformattedInput/OutputOperations 17.5.3 RandomAccess toaStream ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 18 Tools for Large Programs 18.1 ExceptionHandling 18.1.1 ThrowinganException 18.1.2 CatchinganException 18.1.3 Function tryBlocks andConstructors 18.1.4 The noexceptExceptionSpecification 18.1.5 ExceptionClassHierarchies 18.2 Namespaces 18.2.1 NamespaceDefinitions xvi Contents 18.2.2 UsingNamespaceMembers 18.2.3 Classes，Namespaces，andScope 18.2.4 OverloadingandNamespaces 18.3 Multiple andVirtual Inheritance 18.3.1 Multiple Inheritance 18.3.2 Conversions andMultipleBaseClasses 18.3.3 ClassScopeunderMultiple Inheritance 18.3.4 Virtual Inheritance 18.3.5 Constructors andVirtual Inheritance ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Chapter 19 Specialized Tools and Techniques 19.1 Controlling Memory Allocation 19.1.1 Overloading new and delete 19.1.2 Placement newExpressions 19.2 Run-TimeTypeIdentification 19.2.1 The dynamic_castOperator 19.2.2 The typeidOperator 19.2.3 UsingRTTI 19.2.4 The type_infoClass 19.3 Enumerations 19.4 Pointer toClassMember 19.4.1 Pointers toDataMembers 19.4.2 Pointers toMemberFunctions 19.4.3 UsingMemberFunctions asCallableObjects 19.5 NestedClasses 19.6 union：ASpace-SavingClass 19.7 LocalClasses 19.8 InherentlyNonportableFeatures 19.8.1 Bit-fields 19.8.2 volatileQualifier 19.8.3 Linkage Directives： extern “C” ChapterSummary DefinedTerms Appendix A The Library A.1 LibraryNames andHeaders A.2 ABriefTourof theAlgorithms A.2.1 Algorithms toFindanObject A.2.2 OtherRead-OnlyAlgorithms A.2.3 BinarySearchAlgorithms A.2.4 AlgorithmsThatWriteContainerElements A.2.5 PartitioningandSortingAlgorithms A.2.6 GeneralReorderingOperations A.2.7 PermutationAlgorithms A.2.8 SetAlgorithms forSortedSequences Contents xvii A.2.9 MinimumandMaximumValues A.2.10 NumericAlgorithms A.3 RandomNumbers A.3.1 RandomNumberDistributions A.3.2 RandomNumberEngines Index
New Features in C++ 2.1.1 long longType 2.2.1 List Initialization 2.3.2 nullptrLiteral 2.4.4 constexprVariables 2.5.1 TypeAliasDeclarations 2.5.2 The autoTypeSpecifier 2.5.3 The decltypeTypeSpecifier 2.6.1 In-Class Initializers 3.2.2 Using auto or decltype forTypeAbbreviation 3.2.3 Range forStatement 3.3 Defining a vector of vectors 3.3.1 List Initialization for vectors 3.4.1 Container cbegin and cendFunctions 3.5.3 Library begin and endFunctions 3.6 Using auto or decltype to SimplifyDeclarations 4.2 RoundingRules forDivision 4.4 Assignment fromaBracedListofValues 4.9 sizeofAppliedtoaClassMember 5.4.3 Range forStatement 6.2.6 Library initializer_listClass 6.3.2 List InitializingaReturnValue 6.3.3 Declaring a Trailing Return Type 6.3.3 Using decltype to Simplify Return Type Declarations 6.5.2 constexprFunctions 7.1.4 Using = default toGenerateaDefaultConstructor 7.3.1 In-class Initializers forMembersofClassType 7.5.2 DelegatingConstructors 7.5.6 constexprConstructors 8.2.1 Using strings for File Names 9.1 The array and forward_listContainers 9.2.3 Container cbegin and cendFunctions 9.2.4 List InitializationforContainers 9.2.5 Container Nonmember swapFunctions 9.3.1 Return Type for Container insertMembers 9.3.1 Container emplaceMembers xix xx New Features in C++ 9.4 shrink_to_fit 9.5.5 Numeric Conversion Functions for strings 10.3.2 LambdaExpressions 10.3.3 Trailing Return Type in Lambda Expressions 10.3.4 The Library bindFunction 11.2.1 List Initializationof anAssociativeContainer 11.2.3 List Initializing pairReturnType 11.3.2 List Initialization of a pair 11.4 TheUnorderedContainers 12.1 SmartPointers 12.1.1 The shared_ptrClass 12.1.2 List InitializationofDynamicallyAllocatedObjects 12.1.2 autoandDynamicAllocation 12.1.5 The unique_ptrClass 12.1.6 The weak_ptrClass 12.2.1 Range for Doesn‘t Apply to Dynamically AllocatedArrays 12.2.1 List InitializationofDynamicallyAllocatedArrays 12.2.1 autoCan’tBeUsedtoAllocateanArray 12.2.2 allocator：：constructCanUseanyConstructor 13.1.5 Using = default forCopy-ControlMembers 13.1.6 Using = delete toPreventCopyingClassObjects 13.5 MovingInsteadofCopyingClassObjects 13.6.1 RvalueReferences 13.6.1 The Library moveFunction 13.6.2 MoveConstructor andMoveAssignment 13.6.2 Move Constructors Usually Should Be noexcept 13.6.2 MoveIterators 13.6.3 ReferenceQualifiedMemberFunctions 14.8.3 The functionClassTemplate 14.9.1 explicitConversionOperators 15.2.2 overrideSpecifier forVirtualFunctions 15.2.2 Preventing Inheritance by Defining a Class as final 15.3 override and final Specifiers for Virtual Functions 15.7.2 DeletedCopyControl andInheritance 15.7.4 InheritedConstructors 16.1.2 DeclaringaTemplateTypeParameteras aFriend 16.1.2 TemplateTypeAliases 16.1.3 DefaultTemplateArguments forTemplateFunctions 16.1.5 ExplicitControlof Instantiation 16.2.3 Template Functions and Trailing Return Types 16.2.5 ReferenceCollapsingRules 16.2.6 static_cast fromanLvaluetoanRvalue 16.2.7 The Library forwardFunction 16.4 VariadicTemplates 16.4 The sizeof…Operator 16.4.3 VariadicTemplates andForwarding New Features in C++11 xxi 17.1 The Library TupleClassTemplate 17.2.2 New bitsetOperations 17.3 TheRegularExpressionLibrary 17.4 TheRandomNumberLibrary 17.5.1 Floating-Point FormatControl 18.1.4 The noexceptExceptionSpecifier 18.1.4 The noexceptOperator 18.2.1 InlineNamespaces 18.3.1 InheritedConstructors andMultiple Inheritance 19.3 Scoped enums 19.3 Specifying the Type Used to Hold an enum 19.3 Forward Declarations for enums 19.4.3 The Library mem_fnClassTemplate 19.6 UnionMembersofClassTypes
